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Cinema of France refers to the film industry based in France. The French cinema comprises the art of film and creative movies made within the nation of France or by French filmmakers abroad. France is the birthplace of cinema and was responsible for many of its early significant contributions. Several important cinematic movements, including the Nouvelle Vague, began in the country. It is noted for having a particularly strong film industry, due in part to protections afforded by the French government.〔 Apart from its strong and innovative film tradition, France has also been a gathering spot for artists from across Europe and the world. For this reason, French cinema is sometimes intertwined with the cinema of foreign nations. Directors from nations such as Poland (Roman Polanski, Krzysztof Kieślowski, and Andrzej Żuławski), Argentina (Gaspar Noé and Edgardo Cozarinsky), Russia (Alexandre Alexeieff, Anatole Litvak), Austria (Michael Haneke), and Georgia (Géla Babluani, Otar Iosseliani) are prominent in the ranks of French cinema. Conversely, French directors have had prolific and influential careers in other countries, such as Luc Besson, Jacques Tourneur, or Francis Veber in the United States. Another element supporting this fact is that Paris has the highest density of cinemas in the world, measured by the number of movie theaters per inhabitant,〔(20 questions about studying in France )〕 and that in most "downtown Paris" movie theaters, foreign movies which would be secluded to "art houses" cinemas in other places are shown alongside "mainstream" works. Philippe Binant realized, on 2 February 2000, the first digital cinema projection in Europe, with the DLP CINEMA technology developed by Texas Instruments, in Paris.〔''Cahiers du cinéma'', n°hors-série, Paris, April 2000, p. 32 (''cf.'' also (''Histoire des communications'', 2011, p. 10. )).〕〔(''Cf.'' Binant, " Au cœur de la projection numérique ", ''Actions'', 29, Kodak, Paris, 2007, p. 12. )〕〔(Claude Forest, « De la pellicule aux pixels : l'anomie des exploitants de salles de cinéma », in Laurent Creton, Kira Kitsopanidou (sous la direction de), ''Les salles de cinéma : enjeux, défis et perspectives'', Armand Colin / Recherche, Paris, 2013, p. 116. )〕 With 206.5 million tickets sold in 2010 and 215.6 million in 2011, France is the third biggest film market in the world both in terms of admissions (after the United States and India) and revenues (after the United States and Japan).〔http://www.fncf.org/updir/1/cp_annee_2010.pdf〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=World domination by box office cinema admissions )〕 It is the most successful film industry in Europe in terms of number of films produced per annum, with a record-breaking 261 films produced in 2010.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Cinéma : record pour la production de films en France en 2010... grâce aux aides publiques )〕 France is also one of the few countries where non-American productions have the biggest share: American films only represented 47.7% of total admissions in 2010.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=2010, année très cinéphile en France | Next )〕 This is largely due to the commercial strength of domestic productions, which accounted for 40% of admissions in 2011 (35.7% in 2010; 45.4% in 2008).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Cinéma : 2011 année de records en France | France Soir )〕 Also, the French film industry is closer to being entirely self-sufficient than any other country in Europe, recovering around 80–90% of costs from revenues generated in the domestic market alone. In 2013, France was the 2nd largest exporter of films in the world after the United States.〔http://www.unifrance.org/actualites/11596/enquete-sur-l-image-du-cinema-francais-dans-le-monde〕 A study made in April 2014 shows the excellent image which French cinema maintains around the world, being the most appreciated cinema after American cinema.〔 ==History== Antoine Lumière realized the first projection with the Cinematograph, in Paris on 28 December 1895.〔(December 28, 1895. )〕 The French film industry in the late 19th century and early 20th century was among the world's most important. Auguste and Louis Lumière invented the cinématographe and their ''L'Arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat'' in Paris in 1895 is considered by many historians as the official birth of cinematography. The early days of the industry, from 1896 to 1902, saw the dominance of four firms: Pathé Frères, the Gaumont Film Company, the Georges Méliès company, and the Lumières.〔The Ciné Goes to Town: French Cinema 1896–1914, Richard Abel〕 Méliès invented many of the techniques of cinematic grammar, and among his fantastic, surreal short subjects is the first science fiction film ''A Trip to the Moon'' (''Le Voyage dans la Lune'') in 1902). In 1902 the Lumières abandoned everything but the production of film stock, leaving Méliès as the weakest player of the remaining three. (He would retire in 1914.) From 1904 to 1911 the Pathé Frères company led the world in film production and distribution.〔 At Gaumont, pioneer Alice Guy-Blaché (M. Gaumont's former secretary) was made head of production and oversaw about 400 films, from her first, ''La Fée aux Choux'', in 1896, through 1906. She then continued her career in the United States, as did Maurice Tourneur and Léonce Perret after World War I. In 1907 Gaumont owned and operated the biggest movie studio in the world, and along with the boom in construction of "luxury cinemas" like the Gaumont-Palace and the Pathé-Palace (both 1911), cinema became an economic challenger to legitimate theater by 1914.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cinema of France」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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